锻件锻前加热的目的是提高钢锭的塑性、降低变形抗力、增加可锻性。用于锻造长轴类、大型饼类等大型锻件的坯料为大型钢锭（铸锭），在加热的过程中对温度场的均匀性要求很高，因此对钢锭加热工艺的合理性要求很严格。在生产新产品或制定新工艺时，单凭经验有可能使性能不合格，但若进行大量试验研究，会造成人力、财力的浪费。同时，由于大型钢锭的加热为非线性过程，钢锭心部的温度无法直接探测等因素，大型钢锭加热工艺的制订一直比较困难。随着金属加热过程的数学模型和计算方法的不断完善，金属加热过程的计算机模拟日益受到人们的重视，并且对实际生产具有重要的指导意义，这里给出两篇有关的文献摘要，供读者了解锻前加热规范的数值模拟的应用情况。

示例1：

加热是大锻件生产的一个重要环节，由于大型轴类锻件常需要经过多火次锻造，在后续加热过程中常要对锻件进行分段加热，而加热规范的制定长期以来只能依靠经验估算。程秀全等人借助于有限元软件Deform-3D，对锻件后续分段加热时的装炉长度和加热时间等进行了数值模拟，获得了锻件后续加热的加热规范，以下是他们发表文章《大型轴类锻件多火次锻造加热规范研究》的英文摘要，感兴趣的可以查阅原文。

Abstract: Heating is one of the important process of large forgings production. Heavy shaft forgings are usually heated piecewise during multi-step forging and the heating specifications are usually estimated depending on experience for a long time. The simulations of the heating length of forging and heating time during subsequent heating processes were carried out and the heating specifications were obtained based on the finite element software Deform-3D. The result shows that it is beneficial to reduce the heating time when increasing the heating length allowance during subsequent piecewise heating process, the reducing of heating time is unobvious after the heating length increases to a certain extent. To guarantee the initial forging temperature along the whole forging length of the heavy shaft forgings reaching at 1200℃ and meet the requirement of the temperature difference between the surface and center of forging being lower than 100℃, the ratio of the heating length allowance to the diameter of forging should be about 0.45, although the heating time of each piecewise heating process is different.
Keywords: heavy shaft forgings; multi-step forging; heating specification; heating length

示例2：

高碳合金钢大型锻件因钢中含有较高的碳含量及较高的Cr、Ni、Mo、V等合金元素，并且采用大钢锭锻造成形，碳及合金元素的偏析较为严重，尤其是钢锭心部存在亚稳定共晶碳化物偏析，钢锭高温扩散及锻造之后易产生内部过烧缺陷。张洪奎等人针对含0.85%C及5%Cr的高碳合金钢大型锻件钢锭高温扩散加热工艺进行研究，采用计算机数值模拟技术模拟钢锭锻造过程的内部温升，并通过试验确定了产生过烧的临界温度，据此制定了合理的锻造加热工艺。以下是他们发表文章《高碳合金钢大型锻件锻造加热研究》的英文摘要，感兴趣的可以查阅原文。

Abstract:For large-scale high-carbon alloy steel forgings containing higher content of carbon and other alloying elements like Cr, Ni, Mo, V et al with forging from large-size ingot, there existed more serious carbon and alloy elements segregation. Especially metastable eutectic carbide segregation is found to be existing in the core part of ingots, which is apt to result in internal burnt defects after high temperature diffusion and forging. This paper is focused on the technology of high temperature diffusion heating process for the ingot of large-scale high-carbon alloy steel forgings with 0. 85wt％C and 5wt％Cr. The numerical simulation method is used to simulate the internal temperature rising of the ingot in the course of forging process. The critical temperature of burnt defects appearing is determined by testing method. Double-step heating method is used to balance the consequence of high-temperature diffusion treatment with forging quality, then resolve successfully the problems of burnt defects for large-scale high-carbon alloy steel forgings.
Keywords: high carbon alloy steel; large-scale forging; heating; internal burnt defects